Environmental Exploitation Resources

Environmental Exploitation Resources The effects of human exploitation of the natural resources are not limited to deforestation and pollution; it has also affected the diverse animal species of all the earths ecosystems. In recent years scientists have explored the possibility of breeding endangered species in captivity and releasing them into the wild to ensure the species survival in the wild. However, these sorts of programs are not easy to fund or carry out. Several implications ranging from operational problems, to inbreeding within the species make it hard for conservationists to carry these programs out. Captive Breeding of Endangered Animals for Release into the Wild. Humans are the dominant species on earth. We are considered to be one of the â€Å"newer† species, since our species did not evolve until recent times. It is out species ability to adapt and modify its surroundings that has made it the real â€Å"king of the jungle†. Our dominance on this planet makes us completely responsible for all the things that happen and are not directly caused by natural phenomena. Humans are to blame for driving our fellow animal species to the brink of extinction. Our lifestyles and need to consume goods like there is nothing else in the world to do but consume and produce wastes are some of the main causes for the destruction of our natural resources. In recent years the effects of our dwelling in the planet has become more obvious than ever, and the attitude of people is changing. Scientists suggest that a possible solution for the problem could be to have the endangered animals bred in sanctuaries or places where they can be safe and later released into the wild (Meffe and Carroll, 2007). Implications The idea sounds logical and most people think it is the best way to increase the wild populations of some of the most critically endangered species in the world. However, there are several implications that the general public is not well aware of. Ability to Breed in Captivity For example, not all species have the same ability to breed in captivity. Some require very specific conditions that cant be mimicked in captivity. It is estimated that out of all the recovery plans for endangered species captive breeding is only recommended in 63% of the plans in the USA (Mathews et al., 2005). Ability to Be â€Å"Wild† Besides these conditions, some animals lose their ability to be â€Å"wild† when they find themselves in captivity. They lose certain behaviors that are absolutely necessary for their success in the wild regarding their skills to find food, find a mate, successfully reproduce and care for their young. Scientists have attempted to teach captive-bred animals some of these behaviors and have found it extremely hard to do and in some cases impossible (McPhee, 2004). Some animals learn most of these abilities from their mothers or from the interaction with members from their own species. Highly sociable species have another problem besides those listed above; they behave differently to most wild social groups and struggle to be accepted in the group. Species with this problem include African Wild dogs, lions and ungulates in general. Ungulates are animals with hoofs (Gusset, Slotow, Somers, 2006). Hunters Even when the animals are successfully reintroduced into the wild they are not completely safe. When populations recover and they are considered stable, the government tends to take the species off the Protection Act that punished human aggressors. As soon as they are left without federal protection, hunters move in and the cycle begins all over again. Since these populations are not as â€Å"wild† as others of the same species, they may find themselves lacking of abilities to avoid humans. For example, the grey wolf population in Idaho, Wyoming and Montana has increased slowly and has remained stable for a few years now, so they are to be lifted from the Protection Act in those states. This will allow hunters to kill 950-1,500 animals in order to reduce the population to an estimated 1,250 wolves. This decision was reached in favor of the farmers in the area want to protect their livestock from the wolves, but other groups say that this is not a valid reason because farmer are allowed to kill any wolves that attack, or harass their animals as long as they notify authorities within 72 hours (Legislature of the State of Idaho, 2008). Inbreeding Other problems include inbreeding of the endangered species. Since the surviving populations of some endangered animals are small, the interbreeding gives room for inbreeding, which increases the chance of genetically inherited disease or genetic predisposition to health problems that may affect the animals ability to survive and reproduce. Reproduction in the wild once the animals have been released is key to the survival of the species. If they are unable to reproduce and link their genes with those of wild populations, inbreeding will be more likely to occur and affect their ability to succeed (Pluhà ¡Ã„ ek, Sinha, BartoÃ… ¡ Ã…  Ãƒ ­pek, 2007). For example the Florida panther, a subspecies of mountain lion, is highly endangered and despite the efforts of conservationists and zoos, their reproductive success was so low it was estimated that the population would decline to the point of extinction. In order to save this rare subspecies of mountain lion, scientists studied the genetics of other subspecies of mountain lions to find out which one was more closely related to the Florida panther. The findings showed that the panthers in Texas showed a high resemblance, genetically speaking, to the Florida panthers and their populations were linked. This increased the reproduction success rate in a short time, giving the species and new chance of survival (Stokstad, 2005). The Ecosystem When dealing with conservation biology, every single niche of the ecosystem has to be taken in consideration before taking any course of action. When an element of the ecosystem is removed, it affects the other elements of the symbiotic community. Success Stories Black-Footed Ferrets. For example, when Prairie Dogs were exterminated by farmers and the government in the Great Plains area, the Black-Footed ferret, the only mammal of its class native to North America, was the one who suffered the most. These small mammals have one of the most specialized diets of all the mammals. They feed entirely on prairie dogs and live in their burrows underground. These particular species was thought to be extinct until the 1980s when a colony was sighted. Since their re-discovery the have proven to be a real success for conservation biologists. Their numbers are increasing steadily and education has made farmers aware of the importance of protecting these critters and their needs in the wild. They succeeded because not only did the federal government provided funds and resources for the protection of the species. Farmers were also educated and collaborated by protecting their lands and the ferrets living in it (Cubie, 2006). Przewalskis Horse. Another success story is that of the Przewalskis horse, or Mongolian wild horse. These horse species is the only â€Å"true† wild horse species left in the wild. This is the only species of horse that has never been tamed. They suffered the loss of their territory and pasture lands to the hands of the Mongolian farmers and their livestock. These beautiful horses lost their territory and suffered from diseases carried by the farm animals that had contact with them. Several zoos worldwide made a great effort to adopt the remaining individuals in the wild and started breeding programs. By 1960 the species was extinct in the wild and was kept alive in zoos. Their breeding programs started slow but steady and they have been reintroduced into the wild in new territories where they are not to be disturbed (Souris, Kaczensky, Julliard, Walzer, 2007). Scimitar Horned Oryx. A similar case happened with the Scimitar Horned Oryx. This antelopes were hunted for their horns, which are the largest of all the antelopes, to the brink of extinction. These magnificent animals live in the northern African deserts and the Middle East. Their population in the Middle East was affected by the constant armed conflicts that have taken place in the region for over 40 years. The dwellings of this antelope were protected and some individuals were captured to breed them in captivity. Their population recovered greatly thanks to the combined efforts of local park rangers who protected the reserves in which they were relocated to and the breeding programs. It is estimated that if scientists had not stepped in, the species would have become extinct by now (Campbell, 2007). Tigers. Tigers are among the most endangered species on earth and conservation efforts in the wild do not seem to be making any progress. In fact there is no population recovery. The different subspecies are still as endangered as ever and their numbers keep dropping every year. Some tiger sanctuaries in India have not had a single sighting of a tiger in years. These are situations that have pushed conservation biologists to take desperate measures and embark on controversial projects to save the critically endangered species (Ranganathan et al., 2008). Figure 1: Tigers in the Wild by Species (WWF, 2008) A very ambitious project a few years ago broke the scientific world when a pair of captive bred Bengal tigers was â€Å"trained† to become wild in a game reserve in South Africa. These tiger species is the second largest of all the big cats and it is native to Bangladesh and India. The biologists in charge of the project, Dave Salmoni and John Varty, decided to take them to Africa, because it is the continent with the highest success of large predator population recovery in the world. The tigers were taught to hunt, and avoid dangerous prey that was new to them such as Cape buffalo (Living with Tigers, 2004). This particular release project has proven to be effective yet very controversial. Tigers are not native to Africa, so their introduction to this new continent was seen as a bad choice since it would only mean more competition to the native predators. South Africas native predators include other vulnerable species, mainly big cats, such as cheetahs, African lions, and leopards. These felines compete against each other for hunting grounds and prey. The introduction of the much larger Bengal tiger will only increase competition and favor the introduced species since its characteristics make it a better and stronger predator (Living with Tigers, 2004). The second major issue regarding the introduction of tigers into Africa is the fact that the pioneer animal behaviorist, who was head of the project, hand raised the tigers and â€Å"trained† them to be wild. Therefore, the constant contact with humans during their development is more likely to make them seek human contact in the future. The tigers would not be afraid of humans and the villagers of the region could find themselves in dangerous situations with these mighty predators. Villagers are concerned because in case the Tiger Project releases more tigers, it would mean one more predator to watch out for (Living with Tigers, 2004). These issues have been addressed by one of the biologists in charge of the tiger project in South Africa, Dave Salmoni. Salmoni (2007) explains, that the â€Å"unfortunate reality is that tiger conservation in Asia is in a disturbing state. The problems facing the tiger are ones that cannot be overcome at a whim. We would be acting unethically if we started introducing tigers into an area that has not yet solved its conflicts with the tiger. Therefore, a project like this needs to take seed in another country. Once a working model for tiger conservation is established it is then possible to motivate decision makers to begin to start rectifying the problems the tiger faces. [†¦]In my opinion, if I were given the choice to save the tiger in Africa or see it vanish from the earth, I would choose Africa. Saving the tiger in Africa is not the goal of the project. We hope to use the sanctuary as a model for conservation in Asia.† Conclusion Most of the examples I have listed so far may seem to be all failures, but when we take into consideration that all other measures taken have failed, their results are not too bad. Governments around the world tried to protect their wildlife by designating reserves or protected lands. Poaching. The problem with these is that poachers and black-market traders can easily access the endangered animals and hunt them down. The truth is that there are not many options available when dealing with wild animals, especially those whose populations are so small, any sort of disturbance could be fatal. One of the biggest problems is that once the populations begin to recover and scientists back down and let nature take its course, human greed returns to claim their victims. Recent studies suggest that the populations of some of the most endangered animals are declining once again due to poaching and habitat destruction. For example, tigers, leopards and other big cats are killed for their furs, bones and claws. Elephants, rhinoceros and many species of antelope are killed for their tusks and horns. All of these products are used in the production of traditional Chinese medicine remedies, or sold as trophies or art pieces (WWF, 2008). Captive Breeding Solution. It may seem that captive breeding is not the best solution for this problem; nevertheless, it is the only solution that seems to be giving positive results in the long run. Protected areas can only help so much, especially in third world countries which do not have the resources to pay personnel who protect these wildlife reserves and they lack human resources to patrol the large extensions of land to make sure poachers are not entering the protected lands. Zoos help, but the interaction between humans and the wild animals ends up being a problem. Animals raised by hand are less likely to fear humans and therefore become easy prey for hunters or even other animals. Studies show that the loss of â€Å"wildness† of captive animals is not only limited to their learnt behaviors, some species show these changes by losing some â€Å"instincts† that are invaluable in the wild like their ability to avoid predators or techniques for finding food (Mathe ws et al., 2005). Some of these â€Å"learnt† behaviors can be eliminated by introducing the captive bred animals to wild populations from an early age so that they can learn from those who have better developed instincts and survival skills. This can be very hard to do because wild populations are not always receptive to outsiders and may see the additions as threats or future competition and get rid of it. But since there is no other plausible way to teach the captive bred individuals, their gradual introduction to wild populations is the best way to ensure their survival and later reproduction in the wild in order to increase the numbers of a population (Gusset, Slotow, Somers, 2006). In conclusion, no other conservation practice seems to be providing any positive results and captive breeding and releasing into the wild of endangered species are the only projects that have shown tangible results in the last few decades. It may not be the best way to ensure the survival of the many endangered species, but it is the only method that seems to be producing positive results and increasing wild populations numbers. It is important to understand the importance each creature plays in the world and its extinction will only cause changes in ecosystems that will end up affecting human beings as well.

The Savior- Malcolm X :: essays research papers

The Savior, Malcolm X The decade of change as so many people called it, the United States of America was becoming a better place, for some. People began to speak their minds, tell the truth, and give their opinion even if it wasn’t wanted. All of that forced changes, changes from whites and blacks. No longer would our country stand as a racially divided society, the protesting had began. It was the sixties, and so many of the most memorable people in the history of our country, made their voices be heard by everyone. One of the few, who spoke so clear, was Malcolm X, a man who would risk his life for his brothers and sisters of America. Malcolm X told his faith, told his truth, and that made him an ideological hero, especially among the young black culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malcolm Little grew up in Lansing, Michigan, where he witnessed first hand his home being burned to the ground by white supremacist, like the Ku Klux Klan. Two years later Malcolm’s father was murdered, tied to the tracks and ran over by a steam train. That same year his mother was placed in a mental hospital and Malcolm was situated throughout detention homes the following years. In his early years he moved to Boston to live with his sister Ella. Malcolm found good and bad around the outsized Boston area, and became involved in the dealing of cocaine, hustling, and gambling profoundly. The name Malcolm no longer existed to him, he was known as â€Å"Detroit Red† for his slicked back, greasy hair. Red decided it was time to hit the big show, and moved to New York, specifically Harlem where he could deal and â€Å"strike it big.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dealing wasn’t enough for the gang banging slinger, he had to have it all and just when enough was enough he took it a step further. Malcolm teamed up with a white girl named Sophia he had known, her sister, and to other black male friends, to pull of some house burglaries. A few went well and turned out successful, and then Malcolm made a mistake. Malcolm had dropped off a stolen watched needed for repairing at a local jewelry store, and when he was returned to pick it up the New York Police Department was there to arrest him. Malcolm was convicted of larceny and sentenced eight to ten years in prison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1946 Malcolm began reading and educating himself to become a better person while in prison.

Cwts Experience

Hard to believe that that was the last session for our tutorial. Everything will fall back to where they used to be. No more Saturday bondings in the jeep with my fellow blockmates, no more exhaustion due to the long smoke-full travels to the location, and sadly, no more one on one moments with our tutees. Time really is passing in a fast pace. During that particular session, we were assigned to give our tutees an assessment test to make a conclusive report with regard to the improvement of our tutees.I prepared a compressed exam for Ar-ar which was composed of three different subjects: Math, English, and Reading. Ar-ar is very much having a diifficulty when it comes to reading. Well, a grade four student is commonly expected to have the capability of reading a simple passage. However, in Ar-ar’s case, his reading ability is not well-suited to the grade he is in. I am very much worried that he will have a hard time as he advances in the learning process due to his incompetency in reading. Comprehension is also his waterloo.This comes after reading so Ar-ar has a difficulty in understanding the meaning of sentences because his vocabulary skills is insufficient to supply him the meaning of words. Reading and comprehension are two of the most basic things that one must master because they are basically the groundwork of education. Mathematical problems will require reading and comprehension skills as scientific concepts and principles also do. But I believe that with great determination, he will still be able to improve his reading and comprehension skills.It’s never too late. Next week will be a culminating activity that will serve as a farewell activity for all of us. Though it will be a relief for us to have free weekends, I’ll miss this Saturday sessions without a doubt. Not only did my tutee learn from me, but I also learned from him. I learned so much about teaching as well. Patience, determination and confidence are three of the most im portant ingredients in teaching. It does not only entail the effort of one person.Effort must come from both the student and the teacher in order for a successful learning to come in. I am so much anxious with the last exposure next week. It really is saddening that everything is to come to an end. I wish I could guide Ar-ar all throughout his venture in learning however that can’t be a forever case because he has to learn things on his own. My only hope is that he will always put in mind everything that I taught him and that he will continue to possess the same passion for learning.

The Underdogs Essays

The Underdogs Essays The Underdogs Essay The Underdogs Essay The Underdogs by Mariano Azuela The Underdogs is a novel written by Mariano Azuela. It is based on the Mexican Revolution and tells us the story about the lives of the people Azuela served with. The revolution lasted 10 years, starting in 1910 and officially ending in 1920. The Underdogs is famously known as the classic story of the Mexican revolution. In the novel, Azuela mixes actual historical facts so one can imagine what is was like. He also illustrates many of Mexicos natural landscapes in great detail. This book xamines the political and historical aspects of the revolution as well as the social aspect of the civil war. The novel reveals the prototypes of the kind of people that can be attracted and involved in these movements. The characters in this novel are made to represent different aspects of the revolution from its innocence to its brutality at the most extreme The main character of this book is called Demetrio Macias. His character represents the people who are leaders. In any society there are certain people who stand out and have leadership qualities. We look to these people for answers and an example of this is Demetrio. He is basically the heart and soul of the novel. He is what we can portray as the essence of the Mexican revolution. He is a fearless man, very smart and well built. He leads the Revolutionaries, also known as the rebels, against the Federalists; which are the government troops. Demetrios character seems to be well respected by the Federalist since he has proven to be a strong adversary. However, only good qualities are not what define Demetrio. On the other hand, he has weaknesses. For example, although married, he happens to run into Camilla when staying in a town after one of the battles against the federalists, and convinces her that she should get involved with him. Also, at the beginning Demetrio has a clear head of his purpose in this revolution, fghting against the injustices of the federalist. However, towards the end he seems to lose focus of the reason behind his and his peoples actions. On the other hand we have Luis Cervantes. His character represents the people who change from one team to the other. Many times, one can Join a team with a certain deal and once you are involved you realize that you should be on the opposing team. A perfect example of this is Cervantes. He is a medical student once part of the federalist group but deserted once he felt offended. He saw what they did to innocent people and peasants and realized what the revolution meant for the federalist and decided to Join forces with the rebels. Cervantes is seen as an idealist and maximalist much like Anastasio Montanes, Demetrios best friend. Opposite from Demetrios temporary lose of purpose, Cervantes at many times is the one reminding he Revolutionaries the purpose behind all their efforts. He serves as a voice of reason for Macias. We can clearly see this when he is reminding the rebels why they snou10 contlnue tnelr Tlgnt ana says, We are tne Instruments 0T aestlny wno wlll vindicate the sacred rights of the people. l Cervantes character provides ambition and purpose to this group of people. Anastasio Montanes is a close friend to Demetrio. His character represents the people who follow the crowd. Like any other movement, there are people that get involved and support the ideals without having a real connection to it. In this case Anastasio. He Joined the forces of the rebels only because he is Demetrios friend. He is a very apolitical man yet very intelligent. He was the first person to take in Cervantes as part of the rebels when having intellectual conversations with him and recognizing his intelligence. There are many examples of different aspects of the revolutionary movement pertaining to the characters. Other than the three already mentioned you also have La pintadas character, which represents the female soldiers of the revolution, or Pancracios character that represents the ruthless aspect of the revolution. Another example is Guero Margarito, who is a ruthless man who finds find Justification of his actions in the intensity of these times. Endless aspects were given to every specific character and many prototypes were exposed through each character. All of the characters real or fiction tell us the story of the most violent years of the Mexican revolution. Azuela found a way of telling the story of what he went through during his time serving as a field doctor in the war and the impact it had.

Free Essays on Love In Lawrence And Chekhov

Love, with no doubt, is the most beautiful and strong feeling a human can experience. It’s hard to find an adult who wouldn’t know what love is and how it usually intrudes in our lives, either warming, or burning our hearts Yet, love may be so indefinite, unpredictable, and different, that it’s hard to say whether it is a steady flame of feeling, or just a bright sparkle, fated to exhaust itself and die. Two stories, Lawrence’s and Chekhov’s, present two stories of love, both emotional, but different. In D. H. Lawrence’s â€Å"The Horse Dealer’s Daughter†, Jack Fergusson, a young country doctor, saves the life of Mabel, the daughter of a horse dealer. Her father died and left her and her brothers the burden of debt and bankruptcy. Facing a gloomy, indefinite future, and potential poverty and misery, loaded with her duty to her family brought her to the thought of finding peace in death. Cold, dark water of a pond had already swallowed her up, when Jack jumped after her. Following his duty, he brought her, wet and unconscious, to her house and started attending her. There, in the dark empty room, a strange and wonderful metamorphose arose within an hour. She came to and realized that he saved her. Her reaction, however, differed from the one most other people would have. Seeing little, if any, man’s endearment and caress, knowing no tender feeling, let alone, love to herself, being insignificant and almost needless, found in crisis, brought to despair, and snatched right out of Death’s hands, she saw him as a flash of light in the end of her dark life, as a savor. Figuratively, her reaction might have been similar to that of a rescued animal, who starts treating its savor with loyalty and devotion. At some measure, her reaction could be instinctive. Nonetheless, she was a human, so unfamiliar with care and kindness, so unspoiled, that doctor’s attention, which was no more than a professional duty, was taken for lo... Free Essays on Love In Lawrence And Chekhov Free Essays on Love In Lawrence And Chekhov Love, with no doubt, is the most beautiful and strong feeling a human can experience. It’s hard to find an adult who wouldn’t know what love is and how it usually intrudes in our lives, either warming, or burning our hearts Yet, love may be so indefinite, unpredictable, and different, that it’s hard to say whether it is a steady flame of feeling, or just a bright sparkle, fated to exhaust itself and die. Two stories, Lawrence’s and Chekhov’s, present two stories of love, both emotional, but different. In D. H. Lawrence’s â€Å"The Horse Dealer’s Daughter†, Jack Fergusson, a young country doctor, saves the life of Mabel, the daughter of a horse dealer. Her father died and left her and her brothers the burden of debt and bankruptcy. Facing a gloomy, indefinite future, and potential poverty and misery, loaded with her duty to her family brought her to the thought of finding peace in death. Cold, dark water of a pond had already swallowed her up, when Jack jumped after her. Following his duty, he brought her, wet and unconscious, to her house and started attending her. There, in the dark empty room, a strange and wonderful metamorphose arose within an hour. She came to and realized that he saved her. Her reaction, however, differed from the one most other people would have. Seeing little, if any, man’s endearment and caress, knowing no tender feeling, let alone, love to herself, being insignificant and almost needless, found in crisis, brought to despair, and snatched right out of Death’s hands, she saw him as a flash of light in the end of her dark life, as a savor. Figuratively, her reaction might have been similar to that of a rescued animal, who starts treating its savor with loyalty and devotion. At some measure, her reaction could be instinctive. Nonetheless, she was a human, so unfamiliar with care and kindness, so unspoiled, that doctor’s attention, which was no more than a professional duty, was taken for lo...

Frustrated Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Frustrated Contracts - Essay Example The question arises whether the owner of the Enterprise, due to the ship’s sinking in the Atlantic Ocean (no reason was offered as to exact cause), whether the ship’s owner is liable and if so, what is the extent of his liability? Does Dixie Wholesalers have the right to sue? And what are the rights of the c.i.f., who did not receive the future goods which they were promised by Dixie Wholesalers? What is the predominant principle of law which underlie this case? In addressing these issues we will first view the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971, Article 6 – Supplement S(4) which in part states: â€Å"It is hereby determined that for the purpose of Article VIII of the rules, section 502 of the Merchant Shipping Act 1894, (which as amended by the Merchant Shipping (liability of ship owner and others) Act 1958, entirely exempts ship owner and others in certain circumstances from liability for loss, or damage to goods) is a provision relating to limitation of liabil ity†(CGSA). Further, the Hague-Visby Rules as Amended by the Brussels Protocol 1968, Articles 4 sections ( c ) and (d) in part states: â€Å"Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make ship seaworthy, and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped etc., whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness the burden of proving the exercise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption from this article.

Continental Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Continental Philosophy - Essay Example Hegel was refuted as part of the emergence of Anglo-American analytic philosophy in England, a century ago. Around the beginning of the last century three philosophical tendencies emerged with the influence of Hegel’s Analytical approach: American pragmatism, Analytic philosophy, and Phenomenological movement. C S Peirce is considered as the founding father of American Pragmatism. J H Lambert and Immanuel Kant exhibited phenomenological tendencies whereas, Phenomenological movement and debate was set in motion by Edmund Husserl. Thus, it is difficult to understand Hegel’s contribution to the problem of knowledge and contemporary debate on knowledge. The romantic period flourished with Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant who emphasized the self, creativity, imagination, and values of art in their works: Kant’s idea, that human beings do not see the world directly but through a number of categories, resulted in looking at the world in a subjective perspective. Rousseau, in Social Contract, attempted to describe a society in which natural nobility and liberty of the spirit could flourish. Philosophers and writers like Goethe, Schelling, and Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel nurtured romanticism in Germany, while their contemporaries Coleridge and Wordsworth propagated it in Britain during eighteenth century. Existentialism began in the first half of 19th century with Kierkegaard, who was concerned with the individual’s subjective experience to religious faith, and criticized Hegel’s approach of analyzing the existence of individuals in an abstract and impersonal way. The school of existentialism gained prominence wi th Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, Jean Paul Sartre, and Albert Camus. Camus believed that life was essentially absurd and that the modern world is full of injustice. Analytic philosophy played an important role in the English speaking